This Act may be cited as the “Situational Awareness of Flying Elements in Orbit Act of 2023” or the “SAFE Orbit Act of 2023”.

(a) In general.—The Secretary of Commerce shall facilitate safe operations in space and encourage the development of commercial space capabilities by acquiring and disseminating unclassified data, analytics, information, and services on space activities.

(b) Immunity.—The United States, any agencies and instrumentalities thereof, and any individuals, firms, corporations, and other persons acting for the United States, including non-governmental entities, shall be immune from any suit in any court for any cause of action arising from the provision or receipt of space situational awareness services or information, whether or not provided in accordance with this section, or any related action or omission.

(c) Acquisition of data.—The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce (established under section 50702(b) of title 51, United States Code, as amended by section 3) is authorized to acquire—

(1) data, analytics, information, and services, including with respect to—

(A) location tracking data;

(B) positional and orbit determination information; and

(C) conjunction data messages; and

(2) such other data, analytics, information, and services as the Secretary of Commerce determines necessary to avoid collisions of space objects.

(d) Database on satellite location and behavior.—The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce shall provide access for the public, at no charge, a fully updated, unclassified database of information concerning space objects and behavior that includes—

(1) the data and information acquired under subsection (c), except to the extent that such data or information is classified or a trade secret (as defined in section 1839 of title 18, United States Code); and

(2) the provision of basic space situational awareness services and space traffic coordination based on the data referred to in paragraph (1), including basic analytics, tracking calculations, and conjunction data messages.

(e) Basic space situational awareness services.—The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce—

(1) shall provide to satellite operators, at no charge, basic space situational awareness services, including the data, analytics, information, and services described in subsection (c);

(2) in carrying out paragraph (1), may not compete with private sector advanced space situational awareness products, to the maximum extent practicable; and

(3) not less frequently than every 3 years, shall review the basic space situational awareness services described in paragraph (1) to ensure that such services provided by the Federal Government do not compete with advanced space situational services offered by the private sector.

(f) Requirements for data acquisition and dissemination.—In acquiring data, analytics, information, and services under subsection (c) and disseminating data, analytics, information, and services under subsections (d) and (e), the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce shall—

(1) leverage commercial capabilities to the maximum extent practicable;

(2) prioritize the acquisition of data, analytics, information, and services from commercial industry located in or licensed in the United States to supplement data collected by United States Government agencies, including the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

(3) appropriately protect proprietary data, information, and systems of firms located in the United States, including by using appropriate infrastructure and cybersecurity measures;

(4) facilitate the development of standardization and consistency in data reporting, in collaboration with satellite owners and operators, commercial space situational awareness data and service providers, the academic community, and nonprofit organizations; and

(5) encourage foreign governments to participate in unclassified data sharing arrangements for space situational awareness and space traffic coordination.

(g) Other transaction authority.—In carrying out the activities required by this section, the Secretary of Commerce shall enter into such contracts, leases, cooperative agreements, or other transactions as may be necessary.

(h) Space object defined.—In this section, the term “space object” means any object launched into space, or created in space, robotically or by humans, including an object’s component parts.

(a) Location of Office.—Subsection (a) of section 50702 of title 51, United States Code, is amended by inserting before the end period the following: “, which, not later than 5 years after the date of the enactment of the SAFE Orbit Act of 2023, shall transition to a principal physical location within the Office of the Secretary of Commerce”.

(b) Additional functions of Office.—Subsection (c) of such section is amended—

(1) in paragraph (4), by striking “; and” and inserting a semicolon;

(2) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

“(6) to perform space situational awareness and space traffic management duties pursuant to the SAFE Orbit Act of 2023”..”.

(c) Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Subsection (b) of such section is amended to read as follows:

“(b) Assistant Secretary.—The Office shall be headed by the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce, who shall—

“(1) be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate;

“(2) report directly to the Secretary of Commerce; and

“(3) have a rate of pay that is equal to the rate payable for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5.”.

(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—

(A) Section 50702(d) of title 51, United States Code, is amended—

(i) in the subsection heading, by striking “Director” and inserting “Assistant Secretary”; and

(ii) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking “Director” and inserting “Assistant Secretary”.

(B) Section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by striking “Assistant Secretaries of Commerce (11)” and inserting “Assistant Secretaries of Commerce (12)”.

(3) REFERENCES.—On and after the date of the enactment of this Act, any reference in any law or regulation to the Director of the Office of Space Commerce shall be deemed to be a reference to the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Space Commerce.