(a) Short title.—This Act may be cited as the “American Housing and Economic Mobility Act of 2021”.

(b) Table of contents.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

(a) Definitions.—In this section:

(1) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL; SECONDARY SCHOOL.—The terms “elementary school” and “secondary school” have the meanings given those terms in section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801).

(2) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term “eligible entity” means—

(A) a State; or

(B) a unit of general local government.

(3) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—The term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001).

(4) METROPOLITAN AREA; STATE; UNIT OF GENERAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT.—The terms “metropolitan area”, “State”, and “unit of general local government” have the meanings given those terms in section 102 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5302).

(5) SECRETARY.—The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

(b) Establishment.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish a program to make grants to eligible entities that—

(1) reform local land use restrictions to bring down the costs of producing affordable housing; and

(2) remove unnecessary barriers to building affordable units in their communities.

(c) Eligible activities.—An eligible entity receiving a grant under this section may use funds to—

(1) carry out any of the activities described in section 105 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5305);

(2) carry out any of the activities permitted under the program for national infrastructure investments (commonly known as the “Better Utilizing Investments to Leverage Development (BUILD) discretionary grant program”) authorized under the heading “National infrastructure investments” under the heading “Office of the Secretary” in title I of division L of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (Public Law 115–141; 132 Stat. 972) or a subsequent appropriations Act; or

(3) modernize, renovate, or repair facilities used by public elementary schools, public secondary schools, and public institutions of higher education, including modernization, renovation, and repairs that—

(A) promote physical, sensory, and environmental accessibility; and

(B) are consistent with a recognized green building rating system.

(d) Application.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—An eligible entity desiring a grant under this section shall submit to the Secretary an application that demonstrates that the eligible entity has carried out, or is in the process of carrying out, initiatives that facilitate the expansion of the supply of well-located affordable housing.

(2) ACTIVITIES.—Initiatives that meet the criteria described in paragraph (1)—

(A) include—

(i) establishing “by-right” development, which allows jurisdictions to administratively approve new developments that are consistent with their zoning code;

(ii) revising or eliminating off-street parking requirements to reduce the cost of housing production;

(iii) instituting measures that incentivize owners of vacant land to redevelop the space into affordable housing or other productive uses;

(iv) revising minimum lot size requirements and bans or limits on multifamily construction to allow for denser and more affordable development;

(v) instituting incentives to promote dense development, such as density bonuses;

(vi) passing inclusionary zoning ordinances that require a portion of newly developed units to be reserved for low- and moderate-income renters or homebuyers;

(vii) streamlining regulatory requirements and shortening processes, reforming zoning codes, or other initiatives that reduce barriers to housing supply elasticity and affordability;

(viii) allowing accessory dwelling units;

(ix) using local tax incentives to promote development of affordable housing; and

(x) implementing measures that protect tenants from harassment and displacement, including—

(I) providing access to counsel for tenants facing eviction;

(II) the prohibition of eviction except for just cause;

(III) measures intended to prevent or mitigate sudden increases in rents;

(IV) the repeal of laws that prevent localities from implementing a measure described in subclause (I), (II), or (III);

(V) protections against constructive eviction;

(VI) tenant right-to-organize laws;

(VII) a cause of action for tenants to sue landlords who threaten or begin an illegal eviction; and

(VIII) landlord-tenant mediation or other non-eviction diversion programs; and

(B) do not include activities that alter ordinances that govern wage and hour laws, family and medical leave laws, health and safety requirements, prevailing wage laws, or protections for workers' health and safety, anti-discrimination, and right to organize.

(3) RELATION TO CONSOLIDATED PLAN.—An eligible entity shall include in an application submitted under paragraph (1) a description of how the planning and development of eligible activities described in subsection (c) may advance an objective, or an aspect of an objective, included in the comprehensive housing affordability strategy and community development plan of the eligible entity under part 91 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation (commonly referred to as a “consolidated plan”).

(e) Labor laws.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—All laborers and mechanics employed by contractors or subcontractors in the performance of construction work financed in whole or in part with a grant received under this section shall be paid wages at rates not less than those prevailing on similar construction in the locality, as determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code (commonly known as the “Davis-Bacon Act”).

(2) AUTHORITY AND FUNCTIONS.—With respect to the labor standards specified in paragraph (1), the Secretary of Labor shall have the authority and functions set forth in Reorganization Plan Numbered 14 of 1950 (64 Stat. 1267; 5 U.S.C. App.) and section 3145 of title 40, United States Code.

(f) Authorization of appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $2,000,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.

(a) Housing Trust Fund.—Section 1338(a) of the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 (12 U.S.C. 4568(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(3) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Housing Trust Fund $44,500,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2031.”.

(b) Capital Magnet Fund.—Section 1339 of the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 (12 U.S.C. 4569) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(k) Authorization of appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Capital Magnet Fund $2,500,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2031.”.

(c) Public housing capital fund.—Section 9(c)(2)(A) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437g(c)(2)(A)) is amended to read as follows:

“(A) CAPITAL FUND.—For allocations of assistance from the Capital Fund, $3,592,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.”.

(d) Indian housing block grant program.—Section 108 of the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 (25 U.S.C. 4117) is amended—

(1) by striking “such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2013” and inserting “$2,500,000,000 for fiscal year 2022 and such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2031”; and

(2) by striking the second sentence.

(e) Native Hawaiian housing block grant program.—Section 824 of the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 (25 U.S.C. 4243) is amended by striking “such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005” and inserting “20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022 and such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2031”.

(f) Rural housing programs.—Out of funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, there is appropriated for fiscal year 2022—

(1) to provide direct loans under section 502 of the Housing Act of 1949 (42 U.S.C. 1472), $140,000,000;

(2) to provide assistance under section 514 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1484), $28,000,000;

(3) to provide assistance under section 515 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1485), $140,000,000;

(4) to provide assistance under section 516 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1486), $20,000,000;

(5) to provide grants under section 523 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1490c), $75,000,000; and

(6) to provide funding to carry out the Multifamily Preservation and Revitalization Demonstration Program of the Rural Housing Service (as authorized under sections 514, 515, and 516 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1484, 1485, 1486)), $120,000,000.

(g) Middle Class Housing Emergency Fund.—

(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection—

(A) the term “affordable rental housing unit” means a unit for which monthly rent is 30 percent or less than the monthly area median income; and

(B) the term “State” has the meaning given the term in section 3(b)(7) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(7)).

(2) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall establish and manage a fund, to be known as the “Middle Class Housing Emergency Fund”, which shall be funded with any amounts as may be appropriated, transferred, or credited to the Fund under any provision law.

(3) GRANTS.—From amounts available in the fund established under paragraph (2), the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall award grants on a competitive basis to State housing finance agencies located in a State in which—

(A) there is a shortage of affordable rental housing units available to individuals with an income that is at or below the area median income and median rents have risen on average over the preceding 5 years substantially faster than the area median income; or

(B) there is a shortage of housing units available for sale that are affordable to individuals with an income that is at or below the area median income and median home prices have risen on average over the preceding 5 years substantially faster than the area median income.

(4) USE OF FUNDS.—Grants received under this subsection shall be used to fund—

(A) the construction or acquisition, by nonprofit organizations, State or local agencies, special-purpose units of local government, resident councils organized to acquire housing, and other qualified purchasers (as defined by the Secretary), of rental housing units or units for purchase that are affordable to residents making less than 120 percent of the area median income; and

(B) measures to prevent tenant displacement and harassment, including—

(i) the provision of legal advice and representation for tenants facing eviction;

(ii) enforcement of anti-harassment laws;

(iii) emergency rental assistance; and

(iv) other measures as specified by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

(5) LABOR LAWS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—All laborers and mechanics employed by contractors or subcontractors in the performance of construction work financed in whole or in part with a grant received under this subsection shall be paid wages at rates not less than those prevailing on similar construction in the locality as determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code (commonly known as the “Davis-Bacon Act”).

(B) AUTHORITY AND FUNCTIONS.—With respect to the labor standards specified in subparagraph (A), the Secretary of Labor shall have the authority and functions set forth in Reorganization Plan Numbered 14 of 1950 (64 Stat. 1267; 5 U.S.C. App.) and section 3145 of title 40, United States Code.

(6) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall promulgate regulations to carry out this subsection that include—

(A) the metrics that the Secretary will use to determine eligibility for a grant under this subsection;

(B) a requirement that grantees and subgrantees consult with impacted communities in policymaking and planning for the construction or acquisition of housing units as described in paragraph 4(A); and

(C) a requirement that all housing units constructed or acquired using grants awarded under the subsection are affordable to residents making less than 120 percent of the area median income in perpetuity.

(7) APPROPRIATIONS.—Out of funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, there is appropriated to the fund established under this subsection $4,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

(a) Findings.—Congress finds that—

(1) the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association, and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation provide critical homeownership opportunities that greatly benefit individuals, families, and communities; and

(2) it is the purpose of this section to—

(A) preserve owner-occupied homes with mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration or purchased by the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation for continued use as owner-occupied homes; and

(B) direct that, upon the sale of those properties or transfer of those mortgages, certain percentages of those properties are sold to low- and moderate-income homeowners.

(b) Loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration.—Title II of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1707 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(c) Fannie Mae.—Section 302 of the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act (12 U.S.C. 1717) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(d) (1) The corporation may not sell or transfer any mortgage that is secured by a single-family residential property (in this subsection referred to as a ‘covered mortgage’) under this section unless the requirements of this subsection are met.

“(2) (A) If the corporation intends to sell or transfer a covered mortgage, the corporation shall provide the current borrower and all owners of record of the property securing the covered mortgage, or require that the current borrower and owners of record be provided, a separate written notice of the intent to sell the covered mortgage that—

“(i) is mailed via certified and first class mail not less than 90 days before the date on which the loan is included in any proposed sale; and

“(ii) includes—

“(I) a description of the loss mitigation options of the corporation that are available to borrowers in financial distress and the obligation of servicers to consider borrowers in default for those options;

“(II) a description of the actions that the servicer of the loan has taken to review and implement those options for the borrower; and

“(III) a description of the procedures the borrower may use to contest with the corporation the compliance by the servicer with that obligation.

“(B) The corporation may not sell any covered mortgage through any type of non-performing loan sale auction program until the corporation issues rules, through the notice and comment rule making procedures under section 553 of title 5, United States Code, that address essential aspects of any non-performing loan sale program, including—

“(i) the method of selection of loans for sale;

“(ii) notice to borrowers prior to inclusion of the loan in a sale; and

“(iii) review of loss mitigation status prior to the sale, selection of eligible bidders, loss mitigation guidelines applicable to loan purchasers, and reporting requirements for purchasers.

“(3) (A) Each purchaser of a covered mortgage shall offer the borrower on the covered mortgage—

“(i) appropriate loss mitigation options, including affordable and sustainable loan modifications; and

“(ii) the opportunity for a short sale or a deed in lieu of foreclosure.

“(B) The specific formula, calculations, waterfall steps, and other terms for appropriate loss mitigation options described in subparagraph (A) shall be published by the corporation, made available to the public, and included in a written notice given to borrowers before any acceleration or foreclosure is initiated after a loan sale.

“(4) With respect to a transferee, including any subsequent transferee, of a covered mortgage that is sold by the corporation under this section—

“(A) the transferee shall certify in writing to the corporation that the transferee will comply with the provisions of this subsection in the marketing and transfer of any property received in the disposition of any transferred loan;

“(B) the transferee shall provide to the corporation records documenting that the transfers of those properties are in compliance with this subsection; and

“(C) the failure of the corporation or the transferee to comply with the requirements under this subsection for a loan in default shall be a defense to foreclosure, and a transferee may not execute a foreclosure judgment or order of sale, or conduct a foreclosure sale, until the transferee has complied with all requirements under this subsection.

“(5) With respect to covered mortgages that are sold by the corporation under this section and foreclosed upon by the buyer, not less than 90 percent of the properties that are the subject of the covered mortgages in an auction shall be—

“(A) sold to owner-occupants;

“(B) operated or transferred to an entity that will operate the property as affordable rental housing for households below 80 percent of the area median income for a period of not less than 15 years; or

“(C) transferred or donated to a nonprofit agency that is certified by the corporation and will redevelop the property for owner occupancy or affordable rental housing.

“(6) The corporation shall implement policies, procedures, and controls to—

“(A) identify and recruit community partners;

“(B) engage in consultations with community partners before the sale of a pool of covered mortgages under this section to determine whether that sale can be designed to meet the specific needs of the communities served by the community partners; and

“(C) prioritize the sale of pools of single-family mortgages to community partners by—

“(i) designing pools of covered mortgages for direct sale to a community partner, the price of which shall be set by the corporation based on a pricing model that considers—

“(I) the current fair market value of the properties; and

“(II) the potential impact of foreclosures on those properties to the value of other homes in the same census tract; or

“(ii) in the case of an auction, if the winning bid is not from a community partner, permitting any community partner that bid during that same auction to have a final opportunity to enter a higher bid on the pool.”.

(d) Freddie Mac.—Section 305 of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Act (12 U.S.C. 1454) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(e) (1) The Corporation may not sell or transfer any mortgage that is secured by a single-family residential property (in this subsection referred to as a ‘covered mortgage’) under this section unless the requirements of this subsection are met.

“(2) (A) If the Corporation intends to sell or transfer a covered mortgage, the Corporation shall provide the current borrower and all owners of record of the property securing the covered mortgage, or require that the current borrower and owners of record be provided, a separate written notice of the intent to sell the covered mortgage that—

“(i) is mailed via certified and first class mail not less than 90 days before the date on which the loan is included in any proposed sale; and

“(ii) includes—

“(I) a description of the loss mitigation options of the Corporation that are available to borrowers in financial distress and the obligation of servicers to consider borrowers in default for those options;

“(II) a description of the actions that the servicer of the loan has taken to review and implement those options for the borrower; and

“(III) a description of the procedures the borrower may use to contest with the Corporation the compliance by the servicer with that obligation.

“(B) The Corporation may not sell any covered mortgage through any type of non-performing loan sale auction program until the Corporation issues rules, through the notice and comment rule making procedures under section 553 of title 5, United States Code, that address essential aspects of any non-performing loan sale program, including—

“(i) the method of selection of loans for sale;

“(ii) notice to borrowers prior to inclusion of the loan in a sale; and

“(iii) review of loss mitigation status prior to the sale, selection of eligible bidders, loss mitigation guidelines applicable to loan purchasers, and reporting requirements for purchasers.

“(3) (A) Each purchaser of a covered mortgage shall offer the borrower on the covered mortgage—

“(i) appropriate loss mitigation options, including affordable and sustainable loan modifications; and

“(ii) the opportunity for a short sale or a deed in lieu of foreclosure.

“(B) The specific formula, calculations, waterfall steps, and other terms for appropriate loss mitigation options described in subparagraph (A) shall be published by the Corporation, made available to the public, and included in a written notice given to borrowers before any acceleration or foreclosure is initiated after a loan sale.

“(4) With respect to a transferee, including any subsequent transferee, of a covered mortgage that is sold by the Corporation under this section—

“(A) the transferee shall certify in writing to the Corporation that the transferee will comply with the provisions of this subsection in the marketing and transfer of any property received in the disposition of any transferred loan;

“(B) the transferee shall provide to the Corporation records documenting that the transfers of those properties are in compliance with this subsection; and

“(C) the failure of the Corporation or the transferee to comply with the requirements under this subsection for a loan in default shall be a defense to foreclosure, and a transferee may not execute a foreclosure judgment or order of sale, or conduct a foreclosure sale, until the transferee has complied with all requirements under this subsection.

“(5) With respect to covered mortgages that are sold by the Corporation under this section and foreclosed upon by the buyer, not less than 90 percent of the properties that are the subject of the covered mortgages in an auction shall be—

“(A) sold to owner-occupants;

“(B) operated or transferred to an entity that will operate the property as affordable rental housing for households below 80 percent of the area median income for a period of not less than 15 years; or

“(C) transferred or donated to a nonprofit agency that is certified by the Corporation and will redevelop the property for owner occupancy or affordable rental housing.

“(6) The Corporation shall implement policies, procedures, and controls to—

“(A) identify and recruit community partners;

“(B) engage in consultations with community partners before the sale of a pool of covered mortgages under this section to determine whether that sale can be designed to meet the specific needs of the communities served by the community partners; and

“(C) prioritize the sale of pools of single-family mortgages to community partners by—

“(i) designing pools of covered mortgages for direct sale to a community partner, the price of which shall be set by the Corporation based on a pricing model that considers—

“(I) the current fair market value of the properties; and

“(II) the potential impact of foreclosures on those properties to the value of other homes in the same census tract; or

“(ii) in the case of an auction, if the winning bid is not from a community partner, permitting any community partner that bid during that same auction to have a final opportunity to enter a higher bid on the pool.”.

(a) Findings.—Congress finds the following:

(1) For generations, buying a home has been the primary way working families build wealth.

(2) A home is not only a place to live, but also an asset that may appreciate, help fund a new business, finance an education, or cover retirement expenses. A home provides stability and financial predictability, which are important foundations for prosperity and access to opportunity for a family.

(3) For decades, the Federal Government subsidized homeownership—for White families. Until the 1960s, the Federal Government systematically denied African Americans and other marginalized groups the ability to obtain mortgage credit, buy homes, and build wealth for their families while subsidizing the American dream for White families.

(4) The Federal Government, through the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and the Federal Housing Administration, standardized and institutionalized discriminatory policies on the basis of race, national origin, and religion that reflected practices in the private sector and became a model for their widespread adoption across the housing industry.

(5) Racist restrictive covenants and zoning ordinances also robbed families of color of the opportunity to live and build opportunity for their families in the community of their choice.

(6) In the years before the 2008 financial crisis, lenders targeted borrowers of color with abusive loans while government regulators sat on their hands, further extracting wealth from these same communities.

(7) The legacy of housing discrimination and regulatory negligence is a contributor to a large and growing gap in wealth and outcomes between Black and White families. The typical White family has 8 times the wealth of the typical Black family. The gap between the White homeownership rate and the Black homeownership rate is bigger today than it was when housing discrimination was legal. Nearly 75 percent of formerly redlined communities are low- or moderate-income and 64 percent are still communities of color.

(8) The purpose of this section is for the Federal Government to take the first step toward addressing the racial wealth gap that it contributed to creating by helping individuals or descendants of individuals who were harmed by housing discrimination or negligence by the Federal Government.

(b) Definitions.—In this section:

(1) ELIGIBLE RESIDENT.—The term “eligible resident” means a resident of a geographic area, as defined by the Secretary by regulation under subsection (h), who—

(A) is a first-time homebuyer;

(B) has an income that is less than 120 percent of the area median income; and

(C) (i) resided in that geographic area throughout the 4-year period ending on the date of enactment of this Act;

(ii) resided in that geographic area for a period of not less than 4 years before moving out of the geographic area subsequent to a foreclosure, short sale, or deed in lieu of foreclosure on a home that—

(I) was the primary residence of the resident; and

(II) was purchased or refinanced during the period beginning on January 1, 2001, and ending on December 31, 2008; or

(iii) resided in that geographic area for a period of not less than 4 years before moving out of the geographic area due to a major disaster declared by the President or a State, territorial, or Tribal government.

(2) FIRST-TIME HOMEBUYER.—The term “first-time homebuyer” means an individual (and if married, the spouse of the individual) who—

(A) intends to purchase a property for use as a principal residence; and

(B) during the 3-year period ending on the date of purchase of the property described in subparagraph (B)—

(i) has had no ownership in a principal residence; or

(ii) surrendered an ownership interest in a principal residence as part of a divorce proceeding.

(3) LOW-INCOME COMMUNITY.—The term “low-income community” has the meaning given the term in section 45D of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

(4) SECRETARY.—The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

(c) Establishment.—There is established in the Treasury of the United States a fund that—

(1) shall be administered by the Secretary, acting through the Office of Housing of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; and

(2) shall be used—

(A) to provide grants to eligible residents to purchase homes;

(B) for outreach to financial institutions in targeted areas and eligible residents, including for the administration of that outreach;

(C) for counseling or financial education administered by counseling agencies approved by the Secretary in order to ensure sustainable homeownership;

(D) to create and maintain the database described in subsection (h)(3); and

(E) to maintain any records required to implement this section.

(d) Grant amount.—An eligible resident may receive a grant under subsection (c) in an amount equal to—

(1) not more than 3.5 percent of the appraised value of the property to be purchased; or

(2) if the appraised value of the property to be purchased exceeds the principal obligation amount limitation for mortgages insured under title II of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1707 et seq.), 3.5 percent of the maximum principal obligation limitation for the property to be purchased.

(e) Relation to FHA loan.—An eligible resident shall not be required to obtain a mortgage that is insured under title II of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1707 et seq.) as a condition of receiving a grant under subsection (c).

(f) Geographic area.—An eligible resident shall not be required to purchase a home within the geographic area described in subsection (b)(1)(C) as a condition of receiving a grant under subsection (c).

(g) Layering of assistance.—Receipt by an eligible recipient of assistance for a down payment from a source other than the fund established under subsection (c), including assistance from the Federal Government, a State or local government, or any other public, private, or nonprofit source, shall not affect the eligibility of the eligible recipient for assistance under subsection (c).

(h) Regulations and database.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall—

(1) in consultation with interested parties, including housing counseling agencies approved by the Secretary and individuals or groups with expertise in fair housing, promulgate regulations relating to the use of the fund established under subsection (c), including defining the geographic areas in which residents are eligible to receive grants under subsection (c), which shall include—

(A) census tracts graded as “hazardous” or “definitely declining” in maps drawn by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation that are, as of the date of enactment of this Act, low-income communities;

(B) census tracts that were designated for non-White citizens in jurisdictions that historically had racially segregated zoning codes and are, as of the date of enactment of this Act, low-income communities; and

(C) census tracts that are racially or ethnically concentrated areas of poverty, which shall mean a census tract—

(i) with a non-White population of not less than 50 percent; and

(ii) in which—

(I) not less than 40 percent of families living in the census tract have incomes that are at or below the poverty line; or

(II) the average tract poverty rate is 3 or more times the average tract poverty tract for the metropolitan or micropolitan area;

(2) promulgate regulations relating to the disbursement of funds under this section to ensure that an eligible resident is able to receive funds before the closing date for the home of the eligible resident, which may include creating a program that allows a lender to be reimbursed by the fund established under subsection (c) if the lender—

(A) provides an eligible resident with funds for the closing; or

(B) allows an eligible resident to be preapproved to receive assistance under this section when arranging financing for the home of the eligible resident;

(3) create a publicly accessible database that allows individuals, real estate professionals, and lenders to determine whether a borrower is eligible for assistance under this section; and

(4) establish methods to verify that an individual is an eligible resident.

(i) Appropriation.—Out of funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, there is appropriated to the fund established under subsection (c) such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2031 to carry out the activities under subsection (c)(2).

(j) Inclusion of program in home buying information booklets.—Section 5(b) of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 (12 U.S.C. 2604(b)) is amended by inserting after paragraph (14) the following:

“(15) Information relating to the down payment assistance program established under section 201 of the American Housing and Economic Mobility Act of 2021”..”.

(k) Inclusion of program as mortgage product.—Section 203(f)(1) of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1709(f)(1)) is amended by inserting “, including the down payment assistance program established under section 201 of the American Housing and Economic Mobility Act of 2021,” after “mortgage products”.

(a) Definitions.—In this section—

(1) the term “neighborhood with an appraisal gap” means a census tract in which the median sales price of a dwelling unit is lower than the median cost to acquire and rehabilitate, or build, a new dwelling unit;

(2) the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; and

(3) the term “State” has the meaning given the term in section 3(b)(7) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(7)).

(b) Establishment.—The Secretary shall establish a formula grant program to provide funding to States to support neighborhoods with an appraisal gap, including borrowers with negative equity in their primary residence in those neighborhoods, through—

(1) measures that provide funds to borrowers to—

(A) pay down arrears on an otherwise affordable loan;

(B) pay down arrears or principal on a loan in order to qualify for a loan modification that will allow the borrower to keep the home;

(C) pay off, or pay down part of, a second mortgage or home equity line of credit;

(D) pay off a small-dollar mortgage;

(E) pay delinquent taxes and tax liens;

(F) pay off delinquent water or sewer bills and liens; and

(G) pay for home repairs or maintenance or for modifications to bring the home into compliance with any applicable codes; and

(2) programs to purchase or rehabilitate vacant or distressed properties to enhance neighborhood property values.

(c) Formula.—The Secretary shall distribute amounts under this section to States based on—

(1) the number of borrowers with a primary residence with negative equity in each State; and

(2) the share of neighborhoods with an appraisal gap in each State.

(d) Authorization of appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $2,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

(a) Short title.—This section may be cited as the “Community Reinvestment Reform Act of 2021”.

(b) Amendments to the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977.—The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2901 et seq.) is amended—

(1) by striking sections 802 and 803 (12 U.S.C. 2901, 2902) and inserting the following:

(2) in section 804 (12 U.S.C. 2903)—

(A) by redesignating subsections (c) and (d) as subsections (f) and (g), respectively;

(B) by striking subsections (a) and (b) and inserting the following:

“(a) Depository institutions and bank holding companies.—In connection with its examination of a regulated financial institution other than a U.S. nonbank mortgage originator, the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency shall perform the following:

“(1) Assess the record of the institution in meeting the credit and other financial needs of its entire community, in particular low- and moderate-income people and communities, and other distressed or underserved communities, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution.

“(2) Assess the effectiveness of the following activities in meeting the credit and other financial needs of the assessment areas of the institution, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution:

“(A) Retail lending, including home, small business, consumer, and other lending and financial products, that responds to credit needs or other financial needs.

“(B) Community development lending and investments, which may include a consideration of—

“(i) the origination of loans and other efforts by the institution to assist existing low- and moderate-income residents to remain in affordable housing in their community; and

“(ii) the origination of loans by the institution that result in the construction, rehabilitation, or preservation of affordable housing units.

“(C) Retail financial services and community development services.

“(3) With respect to its evaluation of an application for a deposit facility by the institution—

“(A) consider the record described in paragraph (1), the overall rating of the institution under this section, and any improvement plans submitted pursuant to this section;

“(B) provide an opportunity for public comment for a period of not less than 60 days;

“(C) consider changes in the community reinvestment performance of the institution since the most recent rating under this section by the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency; and

“(D) require—

“(i) a demonstration of public benefit, including a community benefits plan with measurable goals regarding increasing responsible lending and other financial products that is commensurate with the ability of the institution to accomplish those goals;

“(ii) that the institution consult with community-based organizations and other community stakeholders in developing the community benefits plan; and

“(iii) a public hearing for any institution that has a received a ‘need-to-improve’ or ‘low satisfactory’ grade in any individual assessment area during the most recent examination.

“(b) U.S. nonbank mortgage originator.—In connection with its examination of a U.S. nonbank mortgage originator, the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency shall perform the following:

“(1) Assess the record of the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator in meeting the credit or other financial needs of its entire community, in particular low-income and moderate-income people and communities and other distressed or underserved communities, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator.

“(2) Assess, as appropriate, the following activities in the assessment areas of the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator:

“(A) Retail lending, including home loans.

“(B) Community development services.

“(C) Community development lending and investments, which may include a consideration of—

“(i) the origination of loans and other efforts by the institution to assist existing low- and moderate-income residents to remain in affordable housing in their community;

“(ii) the origination of loans by the institution that result in the construction, rehabilitation or preservation of affordable housing units; and

“(iii) investments in, grants to, or loans to community development financial institutions (as defined in section 103 of the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994 (12 U.S.C. 4702)), community development corporations (as defined in section 613 of the Community Economic Development Act of 1981 (42 U.S.C. 9802)), and other nonprofit organizations serving the housing and development needs of the community.

“(3) With respect to its evaluation of an application for a deposit facility by the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator—

“(A) consider the record described in paragraph (1), the overall rating of the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator under this section, and any improvement plans submitted pursuant to this section;

“(B) provide an opportunity for public comment for a period of not less than 60 days;

“(C) consider changes in the community reinvestment performance of the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator since the most recent rating under this section by the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency; and

“(D) require—

“(i) a demonstration that granting the application for a deposit facility is in the public interest, which shall include a submission of a community benefits plan, which shall be commensurate with the ability of the institution to accomplish the plan, by the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator to the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency;

“(ii) that the U.S. nonbank mortgage originator consult with community-based organizations and other community stakeholders in developing the community benefits plan; and

“(iii) a public hearing for any U.S. nonbank mortgage originator that has a received a ‘need-to-improve’ or ‘low satisfactory’ grade in any individual assessment area during the most recent examination.

“(c) Requirements.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—In connection with its examination of a regulated financial institution under subsection (a) or (b), the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency shall—

“(A) consider public comments received by the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency regarding the record of the institution in meeting the credit or other financial needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income communities; and

“(B) require—

“(i) an improvement plan for an institution that receives a rating of ‘low satisfactory’ or lower on the written evaluation of the institution, or such a rating in any individual assessment area; and

“(ii) the improvement plan described in clause (i) to result in the reasonable likelihood that the institution will obtain a rating of at least ‘high satisfactory’ in meeting community credit or other financial needs in the relevant measure on the next examination.

“(2) IMPROVEMENT PLAN.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—A regulated financial institution that is required to submit an improvement plan required under paragraph (1)(B) shall submit the plan in writing to the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency not later than 90 days after receiving notice that the regulated financial institution is required to submit the plan.

“(B) PUBLIC COMMENT.—Upon receipt of an improvement plan of a regulated financial institution required under paragraph (1)(B), the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency shall—

“(i) make the plan available to the public for review and comment for a period of not less than 60 days; and

“(ii) require the regulated financial institution to revise, as appropriate, the improvement plan in response to the public comments received under the public review and comment period described in clause (i) and submit the plan to the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency not later than 60 days after the end of that period.

“(3) EXAMINATION OF CERTAIN REGULATED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—In the case of a regulated financial institution whose lending or other business is not clustered in geographical areas and is thinly dispersed across the country, the institution shall—

“(A) be evaluated under subsection (a) or (b), as applicable—

“(i) by considering the effectiveness of the institution in serving customers or borrowers, with a special emphasis on low- and moderate-income individuals across the country regardless of where the individuals reside; and

“(ii) based on objective thresholds developed by the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agencies to clarify when lending or other business is dispersed across the country and not clustered in distinct geographical areas, which may include low levels of lending or other financial products across States or other areas; and

“(B) meet the needs of other distressed or underserved communities.

“(d) Consideration.—Remediation of consumers pursuant to an order by an court or administrative body or a settlement with a government agency or a private party may not be considered in an assessment conducted under subsection (a)(2) or (b)(2).

“(e) Rule of construction.—An evaluation of a bank holding company under this section shall incorporate evaluations of subsidiary regulated financial institutions made by the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency of each subsidiary, if applicable.”;

(C) in subsection (f), as so redesignated—

(i) by striking paragraph (2);

(ii) by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (2); and

(iii) in paragraph (2), as so redesignated, by striking subparagraph (C); and

(D) in subsection (g), as so redesignated, by striking “subsection (a)” and inserting “subsections (a) and (b)”;

(3) in section 807 (12 U.S.C. 2906)—

(A) in subsection (a)—

(i) by striking “an insured depository institution” and inserting “a regulated financial institution”; and

(ii) by inserting “or financial” after “credit”;

(B) in subsection (b)—

(i) in paragraph (1)—

(I) in subparagraph (A)—

(aa) in clause (ii), by striking “and” at the end;

(bb) by redesignating clause (iii) as clause (iv); and

(cc) by inserting after clause (ii) the following:

“(iii) disclose whether the institution engaged in acts or practices that the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection has determined, and has publicly disclosed, violate the enumerated consumer laws; and”; and

(II) by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the following:

“(B) METROPOLITAN AREA DISTINCTIONS.—The information required under clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall be presented separately for each assessment area.

“(C) TREATMENT WITH RESPECT TO VIOLATIONS OF ENUMERATED CONSUMER LAWS.—If a regulated financial institution has engaged in acts or practices that the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency has determined to be unfair, deceptive, or abusive or acts or practices that violate enumerated consumer laws intended to ensure the fair, equitable, and nondiscriminatory access to credit for individuals and communities that are enforced by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection or other Federal or State agencies, the written evaluation shall be negatively influenced in a manner commensurate with the extent of the harm suffered by those individuals and communities.”;

(ii) in paragraph (2)—

(I) by striking subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) and inserting the following:

“(A) ‘Outstanding record of meeting community credit or other financial needs’.

“(B) ‘High Satisfactory record of meeting community credit or other financial needs’.

“(C) ‘Low Satisfactory record of meeting community credit or other financial needs’.

“(D) ‘Needs to improve record of meeting community credit or other financial needs’.

“(E) ‘Substantial noncompliance in meeting community credit or other financial needs’.”; and

(iii) by inserting after the flush text following paragraph (2) the following:

“(3) ADDITIONAL AUTHORITY.—The appropriate Federal financial supervisory agencies may—

“(A) alter the ratings under this subsection to change or include additional ratings; and

“(B) develop an accompanying point system that includes ranges for each rating category under paragraph (2).”;

(C) by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (f); and

(D) by inserting after subsection (d) the following:

“(e) Appeals of rating.—If a regulated financial institution appeals the assigned rating under this section, the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency shall post a public notice of the appeal on the part of the website of the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency that contains information on this title.”;

(4) in section 806 (12 U.S.C. 2905)—

(A) by striking “Regulations” and inserting the following:

“(a) In general.—Regulations”;

(B) in subsection (a), as so designated, by striking “companies,,” and inserting “companies,”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(b) Periodic review.—Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this subsection and every 5 years thereafter, the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agencies shall—

“(1) review the regulations promulgated to carry out this title; and

“(2) report to Congress any recommendations for updates to the regulations and this title, which may include consideration of—

“(A) data collection under this title;

“(B) the rigor of evaluations under this title;

“(C) the assessment area coverage of loans and deposits; and

“(D) the extent to which the provisions of this title are reducing disparities in access to credit and capital by income and race.”; and

(5) by adding at the end the following:

(c) Amendment to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.—Section 4(k)(6) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1843(k)(6)) is amended to read as follows:

“(6) NOTICE AND OPPORTUNITY FOR COMMENT REQUIRED.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—No financial holding company shall directly or indirectly acquire, and no company that becomes a financial holding company shall directly or indirectly acquire control of, any company in the United States, including through merger, consolidation, or other type of business combination, that is engaged in activities permitted under this subsection or subsection (n) or (o), unless—

“(i) the holding company has provided notice to the Board, not later than 60 days prior to the proposed acquisition or prior to becoming a financial holding company, and during that time period, or such longer time period not exceeding an additional 60 days, as established by the Board;

“(ii) the Board has provided public notice and opportunity for comment for not less than 60 days; and

“(iii) the Board has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition or retention.

“(B) FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION.—In reviewing any prior notice filed under this paragraph, the Board shall—

“(i) consider the overall rating of the financial holding company under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2901 et seq.) and any improvement plans submitted pursuant to that Act;

“(ii) provide opportunity for public comment for a period of not less than 60 days;

“(iii) consider changes in the community reinvestment performance of the financial holding company since the last rating under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2901 et seq.) by the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency; and

“(iv) require—

“(I) a demonstration that granting the application for a deposit facility is in the public interest, which shall include submission to the appropriate Federal financial supervisory agency of a community benefits plan commensurate with the ability of the institution to carry out that plan;

“(II) that the institution consult with community-based organizations and other community stakeholders in developing the community benefits plan; and

“(III) a public hearing for any bank that has received a ‘need-to-improve’ or ‘low satisfactory’ grade in any assessment area during the last examination under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2901 et seq.).”.

(d) Technical and conforming amendment.—Section 10(c)(2)(H)(i) of the Home Owners' Loan Act (12 U.S.C. 1467a(c)(2)(H)(i)) is amended by striking “section 804(c) of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2903(c))” and inserting “section 804(f) of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2903(f))”.

(a) In general.—The Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.) is amended—

(1) in section 101 (12 U.S.C. 1752)—

(A) in paragraph (8), by striking “and” at the end;

(B) in paragraph (9), by striking the period at the end and inserting “; and”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(10) the term ‘underserved area’—

“(A) means a local community, neighborhood, or rural district that—

“(i) is an investment area, as defined in section 103 of the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994 (12 U.S.C. 4702), that meets such additional requirements that the Board may impose; and

“(ii) is underserved, based on data of the Board and the Federal banking agencies (as defined in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813)), by other depository institutions (as defined in section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 461(b)(1)(A)); and

“(B) notwithstanding subparagraph (A), includes, with respect to any Federal credit union, any geographic area within which the credit union—

“(i) has received approval to provide service before the date of enactment of this paragraph from the Administration; and

“(ii) has established a service facility before that date of enactment.”;

(2) in section 106 (12 U.S.C. 1756), by adding at the end the following: “The Board shall monitor adherence by a Federal credit union to a significant unmet needs plan submitted under section 109(h) by that Federal credit union that describes how the Federal credit union will serve the deposit and other financial needs of the community.”; and

(3) in section 109 (12 U.S.C. 1759)—

(A) in subsection (c), by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows:

“(2) EXCEPTION FOR UNDERSERVED AREAS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Board may approve an application by a Federal credit union to allow the membership of the credit union to include any person or organization whose principal residence or place of business is located within a local community, neighborhood, or rural district if—

“(i) the Board determines—

“(I) at any time after August 7, 1998, that the local community, neighborhood, or rural district taken into account for purposes of this paragraph is an underserved area; and

“(II) at the time of the approval, that the credit union is well capitalized or adequately capitalized (as defined in section 216(c)(1)); and

“(ii) before the end of the 24-month period beginning on the date of the approval, the credit union has established and maintains an ongoing method to provide services in the local community, neighborhood, or rural district.

“(B) TERMINATION OF APPROVAL.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—Any failure of a Federal credit union to meet the requirement of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) by the end of the 24-month period referred to in that clause shall constitute a termination, as a matter of law, of any approval of an application under this paragraph by the Board with respect to the membership of the credit union.

“(ii) SIGNIFICANT UNMET NEEDS PLAN.—The Board may terminate the membership of a Federal credit union upon a finding that the credit union is not meeting the terms of the significant unmet needs plan of the credit union submitted under subsection (h)(1).

“(C) CREDIT UNION REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—Any Federal credit union that has an application approved under this paragraph shall, as part of the ordinary course of the examination cycle and supervision process, submit a report to the Administration that includes—

“(i) the number of members of the credit union who are members by reason of the application;

“(ii) the number of offices or facilities maintained by the credit union in the local community, neighborhood, or rural district taken into account by the Board in approving the application; and

“(iii) evidence, as specified by the Board by regulation, demonstrating compliance by the credit union with the significant unmet needs plan submitted by the credit union under subsection (h)(1), as specified by the Administration.

“(D) PUBLICATION BY ADMINISTRATION.—The Administration shall publish an annual report containing—

“(i) a list of all the applications approved under this paragraph before the date on which the report is published;

“(ii) the number and locations of the underserved areas taken into account in approving those applications;

“(iii) the total number of members of credit unions who are members by reason of the approval of those applications; and

“(iv) evidence demonstrating compliance by credit unions with significant unmet needs plans submitted by the credit unions under subsection (h)(1), as specified by the Administration.”;

(B) in subsection (e)(2), by inserting “subsection (c)(2) and” after “provided in”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(h) Additional requirements for community credit unions.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—A Federal credit union desiring membership as a credit union described in subsection (b)(3) shall submit to the Board a business plan, which shall include, among other issues, a marketing plan that identifies—

“(A) the unique needs of the various demographic groups in the proposed community; and

“(B) how the credit union will market to each group, particularly underserved groups, to address those needs.

“(2) PUBLIC COMMENT AND HEARING.—With respect to a Federal credit union desiring membership as a credit union described in subsection (b)(3) for an area with multiple political jurisdictions with a population of not less than 2,500,000, the Administration shall—

“(A) publish a notice in the Federal Register seeking comment from interested parties about the proposed community; and

“(B) conduct a public hearing regarding the application of the Federal credit union.”.

(b) Regulations.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the National Credit Union Administration Board shall issue final regulations to implement the amendments made by subsection (a).

(a) Expansion of definition of veteran for purposes of housing loan benefits.—Section 3701(b) of title 38, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

“(8) (A) The term ‘veteran’ also includes, for purposes of home loans, any direct descendant of a veteran described in subparagraph (B) if the descendant is living on the date of the enactment of the American Housing and Economic Mobility Act of 2021.

“(B) A veteran described in this clause is a veteran who—

“(i) served on active duty at any time during the period between June 22, 1944, and April 11, 1968;

“(ii) is deceased; and

“(iii) did not receive a housing loan benefit under this chapter during his or her lifetime.

“(C) In this paragraph, the term ‘direct descendant’ includes a legally adopted descendant.”.

(b) Expansion of eligibility.—Section 3702(a)(2) of such title is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:

“(H) Each direct descendant described in section 3701(b)(8) of this title.”.

(c) Effective date.—The amendments made by this section shall take effect on the date that is one year after the date of the enactment of this Act.

(d) Regulations.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall prescribe regulations to carry out the amendments made by this section.

(a) Purposes.—The purposes of the amendments made by this section are—

(1) to expand, as well as clarify, confirm, and create greater consistency in, the protections against discrimination on the basis of all covered characteristics; and

(2) to provide guidance and notice to individuals, organizations, corporations, and agencies regarding their obligations under Federal law.

(b) Amendments to the Fair Housing Act.—The Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C. 3601 et seq.) is amended—

(1) in section 802 (42 U.S.C. 3602), by adding at the end the following:

“(p) ‘Gender identity’ means the gender-related identity, appearance, or mannerisms or other gender-related characteristics of an individual, regardless of the individual’s designated sex at birth.

“(q) ‘Marital status’ has the meaning given the term in section 202.2 of title 12, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation.

“(r) ‘Sexual orientation’ means homosexuality, heterosexuality, or bisexuality.

“(s) ‘Source of income’ includes income for which there is a reasonable expectation that the income will continue from—

“(1) a profession, occupation, or job;

“(2) any government or private assistance, grant, loan, or rental assistance program, including vouchers issued under the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437 et seq.);

“(3) a gift, an inheritance, a pension, an annuity, alimony, child support, or other consideration or benefit; or

“(4) the sale or pledge of property or an interest in property.

“(t) ‘Veteran status’ means—

“(1) a member of the uniformed services, as defined in section 101 of title 10, United States Code; or

“(2) a veteran, as defined in section 101 of title 38, United States Code.”;

(2) in section 804 (42 U.S.C. 3604)—

(A) by inserting “actual or perceived” before “race, color” each place that term appears;

(B) by striking “sex,” each place that term appears and inserting “sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), marital status, source of income, veteran status,”; and

(C) in subsection (c)—

(i) by inserting “(1)” before “To make”; and

(ii) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) Nothing in this title shall be construed to—

“(A) prohibit a lender from implementing a loan program for veterans or based upon veteran status; or

“(B) prohibit an entity from providing housing assistance under—

“(i) section 8(o)(19) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(o)(19));

“(ii) the Homeless Providers Grant and Per Diem program of the Department of Veterans Affairs; or

“(iii) any other Federal housing assistance program for veterans or based on veteran status.”;

(3) in section 805 (42 U.S.C. 3605)—

(A) by inserting “actual or perceived” before “race, color” each place that term appears; and

(B) by striking “sex,” each place that term appears and inserting “sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), marital status, source of income, veteran status,”;

(4) in section 806 (42 U.S.C. 3606)—

(A) by inserting “actual or perceived” before “race, color”; and

(B) by striking “sex,” each place that term appears and inserting “sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), marital status, source of income, veteran status,”; and

(5) in section 808(e)(6) (42 U.S.C. 3608(e)(6)), by striking “sex,” and inserting “sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), marital status, source of income, veteran status,”.

(c) Prevention of intimidation.—Section 901 of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3631) is amended—

(1) by inserting “actual or perceived” before “race, color” each place that term appears; and

(2) by striking “sex,” each place that term appears and inserting “sex (including sexual orientation (as such term is defined in section 802 of this Act) and gender identity (as defined in section 802 of this Act)), marital status (as defined in section 802), source of income (as defined in section 802), veteran status (as defined in section 802),”.

(d) Rule of construction.—Nothing in the amendments made by this section shall be construed to mean that a particular class of individuals was not protected against discrimination under Federal law as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act.

(a) Indian housing assistance.—Section 502 of the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 (25 U.S.C. 4181) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(c) Applicability.—Subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply with respect to tenant-based assistance provided under section 8(o) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(o)).”.

(b) Supplemental administrative fee.—Section 8(q)(2)(B) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(q)(2)(B)) is amended by inserting “, including the cost of assisting families with children or families with a member with a disability that move to lower poverty, higher opportunity neighborhoods (as determined by the Secretary based on objective, evidence-based criteria)” after “programs”.

(c) Regional planning to increase access to higher opportunity areas.—Section 8(o) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(o)) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(21) INCREASING ACCESS TO HIGHER OPPORTUNITY AREAS.—

“(A) LOCATION ANALYSIS.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—A public housing agency that administers the program under this subsection in a metropolitan area shall—

“(I) analyze the locations where the participants in the program of the public housing agency live; and

“(II) based on the analysis described in subclause (I), establish policies and practices to reduce disparities and barriers to access to locations throughout the metropolitan area that evidence indicates are more likely to improve outcomes for children or adults.

“(ii) CONSIDERATIONS.—The location analysis required under this subparagraph shall—

“(I) consider separately the locations of families with children, households that include a person with disabilities, and other groups protected under the Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C. 3601 et seq.); and

“(II) include an analysis of the locations in relation to dwelling units with rents that are potentially affordable to voucher holders and the likely impact of key neighborhood attributes on their well-being and long-term success, based on Federal and available local data.

“(iii) MAPPING TOOLS.—The Secretary shall—

“(I) provide mapping tools and other information necessary for a public housing agency to perform the location analysis under this subparagraph using the demographic data on participating families submitted to the Secretary under part 908 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation;

“(II) publish a notice in the Federal Register, subject to public comment, that specifies the data sources and definitions that will be incorporated in each mapping tool required under subclause (I); and

“(III) update the notice required under subclause (II) as needed based on changes in the availability of relevant data or evidence of neighborhood attributes likely to impact the well-being and long-term success of participants in the program under this subsection.

“(iv) FREQUENCY AND AVAILABILITY.—The location analysis required under this subparagraph shall—

“(I) be performed by each public housing agency described in clause (i) not less frequently than once every 5 years;

“(II) be performed by all public housing agencies in a metropolitan area in the same year, as determined by the Secretary; and

“(III) be made available to the public in a manner that protects the privacy of program participants.

“(B) REGIONAL POLICIES TO INCREASE ACCESS TO HIGHER OPPORTUNITY NEIGHBORHOODS.—Each public housing agency described in subparagraph (A)(i) shall—

“(i) consult with other such public housing agencies in the same metropolitan area, or smaller regional area approved by the Secretary, about the possible barriers and other reasons for the disparities identified in the location analysis required under subparagraph (A);

“(ii) identify policies or practices that those public housing agencies could adopt individually or in collaboration, or other strategies that recipients of grants or other funding from the Secretary could adopt, to reduce the barriers and disparities and increase the share of families with children and other demographic groups using vouchers in higher-opportunity neighborhoods in the metropolitan area or region; and

“(iii) include in the administrative plan required under section 982.54 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation, the policies that the public housing agency has adopted under this paragraph.

“(C) ASSESSMENT.—The Secretary shall include public housing agency performance in achieving the goal described in subparagraph (A)(i)(II) in the periodic assessment of agency performance in managing the program under this subsection required under part 985 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation.”.

(d) Required regulatory changes to public housing agency consortia.—

(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection:

(A) MOVING TO WORK DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.—The term “Moving to Work demonstration program” means the program established under section 204 of the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1996 (Public Law 104–134; 110 Stat. 1321–281).

(B) PUBLIC HOUSING AGENCY.—The term “public housing agency” has the meaning given the term in section 3(b)(6) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(6)).

(2) REQUIREMENT.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall establish policies and procedures that—

(A) enable public housing agencies that elect to operate in consortia under section 13(a) of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437k(a)), excluding public housing agencies participating in the Moving to Work demonstration program—

(i) to consolidate their funding contracts for assistance provided under section 8(o) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1437f(o)) into a single contract;

(ii) to consolidate their funding contracts for assistance provided under subsections (d) and (e) of section 9 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 1437g); or

(iii) to exercise the consolidation options under each of clauses (i) and (ii); and

(B) enable public housing agencies to form partial consortia under such section 13(a) (42 U.S.C. 1437k(a)) that consolidate the administration of certain aspects of their housing programs to increase access to higher-opportunity areas or for other purposes, subject to such requirements as the Secretary may establish.

(3) MOVING TO WORK AGENCIES.—Any flexibility or waiver applicable to the Moving to Work demonstration program shall not apply to any activities or funds administered through a partial consortium formed under paragraph (2)(B) by 1 or more public housing agencies participating in the Moving to Work demonstration program.

Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this title an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

(a) Increase in estate tax rates.—The table contained in section 2001(c) is amended to read as follows:

(b) Reduction of basic exclusion amount.—Paragraph (3) of section 2010(c) is amended to read as follows:

“(3) BASIC EXCLUSION AMOUNT.—For purposes of this subsection, the basic exclusion amount is $3,500,000.”.

(c) Surtax on billion dollar estates.—Section 2001 is amended—

(1) in subsection (b), by striking “The tax” and inserting “Subject to subsection (h), the tax”, and

(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:

“(h) Surtax on billion dollar estates.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—In the case of a taxable estate for which the applicable amount is in excess of $1,000,000,000, the tax determined under subsection (b) shall be increased by an amount equal to 10 percent of such applicable amount.

“(2) APPLICABLE AMOUNT.—For purposes of this subsection, the applicable amount shall be equal to the sum of the amounts under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) of subsection (b) for the taxable estate.”.

(a) In general.—Subsection (b) of section 2702 is amended—

(1) by redesignating paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) as subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), respectively, and by moving such subparagraphs (as so redesignated) 2 ems to the right;

(2) by striking “For purposes of” and inserting the following:

“(1) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of”;

(3) by striking “paragraph (1) or (2)” in paragraph (1)(C) (as so redesignated) and inserting “subparagraph (A) or (B)”; and

(4) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

“(2) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS WITH RESPECT TO GRANTOR RETAINED ANNUITIES.—For purposes of subsection (a), in the case of an interest described in paragraph (1)(A) (determined without regard to this paragraph) which is retained by the transferor, such interest shall be treated as described in such paragraph only if—

“(A) the right to receive the fixed amounts referred to in such paragraph is for a term of not less than 10 years,

“(B) such fixed amounts, when determined on an annual basis, do not decrease relative to any prior year during the first 10 years of the term referred to in subparagraph (A), and

“(C) the remainder interest has a value equal to or greater than 10 percent of the value of the assets transferred to the trust, determined as of the time of the transfer.”.

(b) Effective date.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to transfers made after the date of the enactment of this Act.

(a) In general.—Subtitle B is amended by adding at the end the following new chapter:

“Sec. 2901. Application of transfer taxes.

(b) Clerical amendment.—The table of chapters for subtitle B is amended by adding at the end the following new item:

(c) Effective date.—The amendments made by this section shall apply—

(1) to trusts created on or after the date of the enactment of this Act;

(2) to any portion of a trust established before the date of the enactment of this Act which is attributable to a contribution made on or after such date; and

(3) to any portion of a trust established before the date of the enactment of this Act to which section 2901(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by subsection (a)) applies by reason of a transaction described in section 2901(b)(2) of such Code on or after such date.

(a) In general.—Section 2642 is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:

“(h) Elimination of GST exemption for certain trusts.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—

“(A) TRANSFERS FROM NON-QUALIFYING TRUSTS.—In the case of any generation-skipping transfer made from a trust that is not a qualifying trust, the inclusion ratio with respect to any property transferred in such transfer shall be 1.

“(B) QUALIFYING TRUST.—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘qualifying trust’ means a trust for which the date of termination of such trust is not greater than 50 years after the date on which such trust is created.

“(2) TRUSTS CREATED BEFORE DATE OF ENACTMENT.—In the case of any trust created before the date of the enactment of this subsection, such trust shall be deemed to be a qualifying trust for a period of 50 years after the date of the enactment of this subsection.

“(3) DATE OF CREATION OF CERTAIN DEEMED SEPARATE TRUSTS.—In the case of any portion of a trust which is treated as a separate trust under section 2654(b)(1), such separate trust shall be treated as created on the date of the first transfer described in such section with respect to such separate trust.

“(4) DATE OF CREATION OF POUR-OVER TRUSTS.—In the case of any generation-skipping transfer of property which involves the transfer of property from 1 trust to another trust, the date of the creation of the transferee trust shall be treated as being the earlier of—

“(A) the date of the creation of such transferee trust, or

“(B) the date of the creation of the transferor trust.

In the case of multiple transfers to which the preceding sentence applies, the date of the creation of the transferor trust shall be determined under the preceding sentence before the application of the preceding sentence to determine the date of the creation of the transferee trust.

“(5) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary may prescribe such regulations or other guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out this subsection.”.

(b) Effective date.—The amendments made by this section shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.

(a) In general.—Paragraph (1) of section 2503(b) is amended to read as follows:

“(1) IN GENERAL.—

“(A) LIMIT PER DONEE.—In the case of gifts made to any person by the donor during the calendar year, the first $10,000 of such gifts to such person shall not, for purposes of subsection (a), be included in the total amount of gifts made during such year.

“(B) CUMULATIVE LIMIT PER DONOR.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—The aggregate amount excluded under subparagraph (A) with respect to all transfers described in clause (ii) made by the donor during the calendar year shall not exceed twice the dollar amount in effect under such subparagraph for such calendar year.

“(ii) TRANSFERS SUBJECT TO LIMITATION.—The transfers described in this clause are—

“(I) a transfer in trust,

“(II) a transfer of an interest in a passthrough entity,

“(III) a transfer of an interest subject to a prohibition on sale, and

“(IV) any other transfer of property that, without regard to withdrawal, put, or other such rights in the donee, cannot immediately be liquidated by the donee.”.

(b) Conforming amendment.—Section 2503 is amended by striking subsection (c).

(c) Regulations.—The Secretary of the Treasury, or the Secretary of the Treasury's delegate, may prescribe such regulations or other guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the amendments made by this section.

(d) Effective date.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to any calendar year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act.

In the case of housing that is constructed, altered, or otherwise assisted using amounts made available to the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under this Act or an amendment made by this Act, sections 8.22 and 8.23 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulations) shall be applied such that the number of dwelling units required to be accessible under those sections is twice the number that would otherwise be required to be accessible under those sections.